Editorial http://www.ajopsy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Editorial-Vol-4-Issue-2.pdf
Psychology in the cognitive paradigm
El Rhali Aharchaou
Abstract
If the main objective of this study is to carry out a meta-analysis of the conditions of the paradigm shift in the psychological domain, it is certain that the emergence of the cognitive paradigm is due to three types of factors: the first concerns the changes of the cognitive tendency that has replaced the Behavirist tendency. The second includes the theories of information and communication as external drivers of this paradigm. The third relates to the practical dimensions of psychology, particularly in terms of perception, comprehension, learning and problem solving in the fields of education, employment and health. We believe that the future of psychology under the cognitive paradigm will depend, on the one hand, on its scientific relations with the disciplines of the cognitive science, especially the neurosciences, and on the other hand on how it will solve the following three meta-theoretical questions of the epistemological nature: the first is related to Fodor’s hypothesis on the modularity of the mind and its computational properties. The second is whether the psychological interpretations of knowledge can be progressively reduced to biological explanations, and to what extent it would be possible to “naturalize” the mind. The third question lies in the return of the confrontation between psychology and philosophy in so-called cognitive science, where philosophy through its discipline philosophy of mind, tries to take revenge on psychology through the regulation of its former accounts.
Keywords: Cognition; Cognitive paradigm; Cognitive science; Modularity of Mind; Computational cognitivism
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Which approach fits research in psychological counseling programs
Bashir Maamria
Abstract
The study reviewed the comparative psychological research methods, namely: the experimental and quasi-experimental method and the causal/differential method, and after detailing the experimental method, and its conditions, which are: Experimental settings, experimental treatment, measuring the dependent variable, and its variables, which are independent variables, extraneous variables and dependent variables. It is also concerned about the steps of the experimental method, and the factors of internal and external validity of the experiment. It criticized the methods used in research in counseling programs in PhD thesis. It presented to researchers in counseling psychology a set of experimental designs, starting with weak or initial designs, which consisted in three designs, that lack the random distribution of samples, and the control group. Then it presented the real experimental designs, semi-experimental designs, factorial designs, Rotation design and time series, showing their application methods and providing examples and illustrative tables. For real experimental designs, this study presented five designs, which are random in the distribution of samples in experimental and control groups, including the two Solomon designs which include three and four groups. Concerning factorial designs, the study presented simple designs 2 × 2 and composite designs such as 2 × 3 × 2. For quasi-experimental designs, the study presented two designs; a non-randomized control group design, and a group rotation design. After that, we introduced the time series of one group and of a control group. Finally, we highlithed the importance of Hawthorne effect control when conducting experiments by informing experimental and control groups that they were the subject of a scientific experiment.
Keywords: Method; Psychological counseling; Experimental design; Quasi-experimental design; Group rotation
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Recent trends in counseling psychology
Hanan Fawzy Aboelela
Abstract
Information technology and the communications revolution play an active role in the way which people live around the world and their attitudes towards many new variables. So, the psychological counseling field has been found facing a number of variables in different aspects of life, which have led to tangible results in all aspects of the life of individuals. Psychological counseling is one of the most important human sciences, which is assigned to help individuals to overcome their problems and to adapt to their lives in order to reach an appropriate level of adaptation, it has new trends that emerged to keep up with what has happened in modern life and the life of individuals in modern times. Psychological counseling is directly related to a number of psychological sciences such as psychology, mental health, and special education. It is therefore important that the current research seeks to explore recent trends in order to keep abreast of the changes that happened in the world. This has been incarnated in three specific objectives of the research which are: Identification of the new roles assigned to the field of psychological counseling in the light of the changing and developping world; identification of the new psychological sciences associated with psychological counseling such as (psychology – mental health – special education). Finally, we will provide a number of recent trends in the field of psychological counseling resulting of recent trends in the psychological sciences associated with them.
Keywords: Psychological counseling; Recent trends
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The leadership competencies for the school counselor to discover and care about gifted students with academic learning difficulties in general education stages from school counselor point of view
Ikhlas Hassan Aalsaied Ashria & Aisha Abdelmageed Abdella
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the leadership competencies for school counselor to discover gifted students with academic learning difficulties in general education (AL- Qabas Schools) during the academic year 2016-2017. The researchers used the descriptive method that consisted in a questionnaire about the school counselor leadership competencies to work in general education, which are: school counselor vision, the mission of the school counselor, the compentency of teamwork, and the school counselor effective communication competencies with the educational team in discovering and caring gifted students with academic learning difficulties. The validity and stability of the questionnaire were verified, the Alpha-Kronbach coefficient was calculated. A school counseling team (18 school counselors) was chosen as an intentional sample. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated significant differences in leadership competencies for school counselor to discover and care for gifted students with academic learning difficulties in general education. There were statistically significant differences due to academic qualification, experience and training. The study recommended adaptation of counseling psychological test to discover and care for students with academic learning difficulties. The rsearchers suggested that school counselor should participate in training educational team in charachteristics and traits of gifted students with learning difficulties. They also hihglithed the need for advanced counseling programs for early educational intervention for gifted children.
Keywords: Leadership competencies; Gifted students; School counselor; Learning difficulties
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Elaboration of a Proposition based on Gerard Donnadieu Model for the evaluation of global performance in higher education
Ahmed Zegaoua
Abstract
The present study aimed at conceptualizing a theoretical and conceptual framework for measuring overall performance based on the model put forward by Gerard Donnadieu, which sets out three main determinants of overall performance: organizational performance, strategy performance, and individual performance. The present study also aims at building and designing a comprehensive performance evaluation tool according to the proposed model in the context of overall total quality management and the culture of the institution’s project. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach of both performance and total quality assessment tools in university, and on the analytical approach in presenting Gerard Donadio’s model and discussing its basic indicators. The concept of performance is based on the harmonization of three basic concepts: effectiveness, appropriateness, and efficiency. Based on these concepts, the three indicators of the proposed model are shown: organization performance, which refers to the quality of the individuals required in the system they represent; strategic performance, which is based on the strength of expectation and interaction with the environment. For the continuity of the dynamic interaction, three components were added within this indicator, which are: Technology transfer, innovation, continuous education, community participation. Finally, we found the performance by individuals, which is further enhanced by motivation, efficiency and communication power. The advantage of this approach is to cluster the determinants into one concept that makes the performance evaluation process integrated and coordinated operatio that works in effective manner.
Keywords: Gerard Donadio’s model; Evaluation of global performance; Higher education
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Psychoneurosis Imbalances among Al-Quds Open University students in Tulkarem
Zeiad Barakat
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the level of psychoneurosis imbalances in Al-Quds Open University in Tulkarm governorate in light of the variables of gender, specialization, social status and academic achievement. For this purpose, the Psychological Disorders Scale consisted of (70) items which distributed to (7) domains: general anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive, Temperament, Dogmatism, opportunism, and pessimism. The study sample consisted of (293) male and female students who were randomly selected according to the sex and faculty variables by 10% of the society. The results showed that the level of psychosocial disorders was moderate among students both on the scale as a whole and on all sub-domains. The areas of psychoneurosis came according to their importance in the following order: Dogmatism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, opportunism, Temperament, general anxiety, pessimism, and finally depression. On the other hand, the results showed differences in the level of psychosocial disorders in the study subjects according to the variables of marital status in favor of singles and the level of academic achievement for the benefit of the latecomers. On the contrary, there are no differences in the level of these disorders according to the variables: sex and specialization. In light of these findings and their discussion, some recommendations were suggested, the most important of these recommendations were: Working in cooperation with the University to hold workshops aimed at raising awareness among the university students psychologically and socially, and providing psychological support by institutions interested in youth.
Keywords: Psychoneurosis imbalances; Al-Quds Open University students in Tulkarm
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Autism spectrum disorder and working memory: Acomparative study between children with ASD and normal children
Abdelouahid Guennach & Mohammed El-Mir
Abstract
This study examines the performance of working memory components in children with autism spectrum disorder in comparison to normal children. This study aimed at exploring the functioning of working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. The sample consisted of 34 children having the same age (distributed to 17 normal children, and 17 children with autism spectrum disorder). We administered the following three tests (forward digit span, backward digit span, and pattern task) were conducted. The results of this study showed that there are clear deficiencies in working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. These deficits appear in tasks that require working memory intervention; whether it is related to the maintenance of speech-based materials (verbal information), or storage and maintenance of visual and spatial information in working memory for a short period of time. Finally, we discussed the results based on the results of previous studies about working memory and autism spectrum disorder. The conclusions of our study confirmed the results of the previous studies.
Keywords: Working memory ; Autism spectrum disorder
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The relationship between positivity and irrational ideas in a sample of students at Omar Al-Mukhtar University – Libya
Emad A. Salih
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between positivity and irrational beliefs, as well as exploring the differences between males and females in positivity and irrational ideas in a sample of (200) male and female students, from the Faculty of Science at Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Libya. The number of males and females in the sample was equal as well as the school stage. In order to measure the varianles of this study, we used a diagnostic battery for positivity characteristics elaborated by Zainab Shoukair (2015), and a scale of irrational beliefs prepared by Al-Rehani (1987). The results showed that there is a low level of positivity, and a high level of irrational ideas in the sample, there is also negative correlation statistically significant between the dimensions of positivity scale and irrational ideas, except the negative orientation towards life that correlated positively with irrational ideas; all of which were statistically significance at (0.01). It also appears that there was a negative correlation statistically significant (-0.440) between the whole scores of positivity scale, and irrational ideas at the level of significance (0.01). In addition, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between males and females in positivity in Favor of females, while the results showed no significant differences between males and females in irrational ideas.
Keywords: Positivity; Irrational ideas; University students; Libya
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Social representations and the mechanisms of cognitive functioning
Azzedine Charki
Abstract
This article examines the theoretical concept of social representations and mechanisms of cognitive functioning from social psychology perspective, which are considered as distinctive concerns of social psychologists in modern era. The study of social representations and mechanisms of cognitive functioning is the key to undestand the aspects of shared mindset and social thought, in addition to its impact on various social behaviors and social interactions within different societies and diverse cultures. It aims at identifying and approaching the main cognitive processes and activities that intervene in constructing and organizing knowledge, in addition to processing and using it socially to understand different topics, issues, and activities of individuals and groups in everyday life. This knowledge governs and determines widely their behaviors, interactions and daily social practices towards many social issues in distinct socio environmental situations. It consists widely in mechanisms and processes of social cognition and social representations. It also iaims to unveil similarities and differences among the socio-cognitive activities that determine individuals’ social life, in addition to pursuing its development and emergence in social psychology. Moreover, this study highlights the main scientific approaches and theoretical conceptions, especially the concept of social representations in its collective, cognitive and social dimensions in the area of human sciences or in the field of social psychology.
Keywords: Social Representation; Cognitive Functioning; Social cognition, Socio-cognitive processes
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Continuing formation: psychosocial approach of a cognitive dissonance situation
Adnane Ettouzani
Abstract
Currently, continuing formation is an inherent practice in the professional life of individuals within the organizations in which they develop. The education and teaching sector that is, by its nature, the most affected by the scientific and technological progress, remains a field in which the continuing formation is essential for the continuous upgrading of teachers. Being part of a psychosocial approach, our interest concerns the particular psychosocial conditions of the continuing formation situation, especially on a factor that we assume determines the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and attitudes among teachers, namely the individual’s sociocognitive activity in relation to this situation. An activity susceptible to be marked by the presence of cognitive dissonance that involves a cognitive effort on the part of the individual in formation to regain the state of equilibrium and cognitive consonance that are essential for him.
We will examine the sociocognitive modalities of this situation by focusing on the dispositions most favorable to the realisation of the objectives of continuing formation practice.
Keywords: Continuing formation; Sociocognitive activity; Cognitive dissonance; Cognitive and behavioral strategies
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Impact of memory on school performance
Mohammed El-Mir
Abstract
The present work reviewed the research results related to the impact of memory on academic achievement. The research in the relationships between memory and school learnings does not began until 1990s. Abounding and cumulative data showed that memory deficits produce difficulties in different academic domains such as reading and mathematics. This paper surveyed the effect of memory on academic achievement; it examined the role of many memory structures such as, long-term memory (LTM), short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) in school achievement. But the focus was directed to the correlations between WM and performance in learning tasks. The majority of studies dealing with relationships between working memory and academic achievement adopted the Baddeley and Hitch’s model (1974). It appeared that the predictive power of WM in academic achievement overrides intelligence tests. Data showed that WM influences many school learnings like reading and mathematics. However, we prioritize the impact of WM resources on word recognition and reading comprehension. We also presented some data concerning the effect of WM on reading in Arabic; it turns out that WM capacity conditioned performance in word recognition and reading comprehension in this language. Additionally, it is confirmed that WM capacity determined some aspects of reading activity such as word recognition speed in Arabic. It was concluded that measures of WM could be used to predict performance in different cognitive tasks like reading.
Keywords: Memory; Academic achievement; Working memory; Reading
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A Correlational study of sociocognitive biases and reported road safety behaviors among private drivers in Moroccan public administrations: risk perception and prevention behavior
Felix Ilunga Ilunga & Stephanie Mbelu Ngenyibungi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to understand the influences of socio-cognitive biases on risk perception and the effects of these biases on safety behavior among private drivers in Moroccan public administrations. Thus, the present study aspires to verify the nature of the correlation between the perception of the risk by the drivers and their driving behavior. The investigations concerned two hundred and twenty-three (223) officers and executives (Ministry of Youth and Sports, Moroccan Society of Highways, Universities, the Moroccan Agency for International Cooperation. The results of this research show that socio-cognitive biases influence perception, and that this biased perception has a negative impact on preventive behaviors in private drivers. The results also confirm that there is a significantly negative correlation between the three socio-cognitive biases and safety behavior on the road, which means that the more the perception of invulnerability, over-confidence and optimism increase, the more the safe behavior developed by these private drivers decreases.
Keywords: invulnerability bias; optimism bias; over-confidence bias; safety behavior
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